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SAMUEL DELUCENNA INGHAM 



From a portrait painted about 1815, now in the pos- 
sesion of lis grandson, James Verree Ingham, 1909. 






SAMUEL DELUCENNA INGHAM 

By 

William Armstrong Ingham 



Printed for the Author 
i 1910 






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JAN , 1910 



SAMUEL DELUCENNA INGHAM 



Jonas Ingham, the great-grandfather of Samuel Delucenna 
Ingham, emigrated from England to New England in 1705. He 
remained sometime there, but nothing is known of his life there. 
He probably had with him some other relatives, as there is a 
family of the name in Connecticut, from whom are descended 
the Inghams of Central New York. He probably came from 
Yorkshire, where the name is still to be found, but being a 
member of the Society of Friends, it has been impossible to 
trace his ancestry by the usual methods of parish records and 
baptismal certificates. He was by trade a fuller, and there is a 
tradition that after leaving New England he operated a fulling 
mill at Trenton, on an island at the mouth of the Assampink, in. 
the Delaware River, which island is now washed away to a mere 
gravel bar. Thence he came to Bucks County with his only 
son, Jonathan. In 1747 Jonathan purchased the Great Spring 
tract from James Logan, built a fulling mill on the stream and 
carried on the business of fuller and farmer. 

Jonathan filled the offices of Justice of the Peace and Judge, 
and, as a member of the Colonial Assembly, took an active part 
in the contests of that body with the proprietors. Jonathan had 
three sons, John, Jonas and Jonathan, who received the best 
education which the condition of the country afforded, but at the 
same time were carefully instructed in their father's business. 
They were quite different in their intellectual tastes. John, the 
eldest, became a religious enthusiast and wrote largely on 
speculative theology. His father was an uncompromising sec- 
tarian, and contrary to the opinion and wishes of his other sons, 
particularly the youngest, he considered the heretical doctrines 
promulgated in John's books to be proofs of a disordered mind 



and made them the pretext for John's confinement in an insane 
asylum, where he soon after died. 

Jonas, the second son, manifested a decided inclination 
towards the exact sciences. He held that nothing ought to be 
considered true unless demonstrated, and bent every effort to 
overcome the objection to this axiom in philosophy. He culti- 
vated natural philosophy, was an excellent mathematician and 
was the author of many useful inventions in mechanics. He 
seriously offended his father by an unsanctioned marriage and is 
supposed to have removed to Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 
'where many of his descendants still reside. He died at the age 

of eighty-two.^ 

Jonathan, the youngest son of Jonathan and father of Samuel 
D. Ingham, at an early age showed a strong predilection for the 
study of language. He read the Greek and Latin classics and 
had some acquaintance with Hebrew. About the age of nineteen 
he, like his brothers, offended his father and left his home. He 
engaged as an assistant on the farm of Dr. Pascal, near Darby. 
The doctor was attracted by the young man's studious habits 
and offered him a situation as a student of medicine. Having 
completed his course and having become reconciled to his father, 
he was invited home and placed at the head of the establishment 
instead of his brother Jonas. At the age of twenty-five he 
married Ann Welding, of Bordentown, New Jersey, and was 
soon enabled, with the aid of his wife's portion, to purchase the 

family estate. 

In a short time he became a practising physician of ability, his 
practice covering a wide territory on both sides of the Delaware 
River. At the same time he managed the farm and fulling mill. 
He was a great athlete and there are stories told of his mowing a 
swath down hill from the road to the mill dam and at the bottom 
plunging into the water without undressing and his swimming his 
horse across the Delaware on a visit to a patient in New Jersey. 
He continued his favorite pursuits, became a good Latin and 
Greek scholar, a proficient in German, and tolerably versed in 
Hebrew, French and Spanish. Among his manuscripts were 
found translations of many of the Odes of Pindar and Theocritus 
and some of the books of Fenelon, turned into English verse. . 



He engaged as instructor a foreign gentleman named Antony 
Delucenna, to whom he became so much attached that he named 
his son Samuel partly in his honor. 

Dr. Ingham was a strong partisan of the cause of the 
colonies in the Revolution, though he did not enter the military 
service like his brother Jonas, who was an officer in a volunteer 
corps. When Washington's army crossed the Delaware at 
Coryell's Ferry and encamped on his place, he. was active in the 
hospitals established there. 

On the close of the Revolution he took an active part on 
the side of the Republican Whigs and wrote with force and effect 
against what he thought to be monarchical tendencies in certain 
proposed measures. He also boldly denounced the scheme of 
funding the war debt for the exclusive benefit of speculators, while 
the poor soldier, for all his privations, sufferings and services, was 
to be content to receive two shillings and sixpence in the pound 
for his certificate. 

To many of his neighbors, the doctor's politics were any- 
thing but palatable, but his assailants were easily silenced by the 
pungent satire of his burlesque pindarics, the only mode of 
retort of which he deemed them worthy. 

During the prevalence of yellow fever in Philadelphia, in 
1793, the doctor made a visit to the city for the purpose of study- 
ing the new and dreadful disease. He had scarcely returned 
home when, hearing of its extended ravages and of the flight of 
many of the physicians, he exclaimed loudly against the conduct 
of these gentlemen as inhuman and a disgrace to the profession. 
He immediately returned to the city and with his friends, Dr. 
Hutchinson and Mr. Samuel Wetherill, Jr., visited, advised and 
ministered to the sufferers in the most infected districts. Soon 
after he returned home he was attacked by the disease. 

He had strong belief in the curative power of the water of 
Schooley's Mountain Springs, and for that and for the benefit of 
a change of air he started for Schooley's Mountain in his farm 
wagon, accompanied by his wife and her brother. On the way 
they were refused admission at all houses, and he died in the 
wagon by the roadside at a point about a mile west 'of Clinton, 
New Jersey. 



He died on October ist, 1793, and was buried in the neigh- 
boring graveyard of Bethlehem Presbyterian Church. He left a 
widow, four sons, of whom Samuel was the oldest, and three 
daughters^ 

Samuel D. Ingham was born on the 16th of September, 
1779. His father undertook his education and, before the boy 
could well read English, placed in his hands Ruddiman's Latin 
Grammar. But the doctor was a very busy man, and his son, 
boy like, preferred play to study, so that the father's plan of 
conducting the son's education was abandoned and Samuel, at 
the age of ten, was sent to a school at a distance and commenced 
the Greek Grammar. After three months, his father was dis- 
satisfied with his progress and sent him to a school near Durham, 
at the northern end of the county, to learn German. He was 
making rapid progress in German when, at the end of six weeks, 
the school was closed and his father, making one more effort in 
behalf of the classics, sent him back to his Greek and Latin. 

Before he attained his fourteenth year, the death of his 
father seemed to terminate his course of classical studies. The 
various branches of the doctor's work were interrupted and 
deranged and the widow was left to care for her young children. 
She necessarily adopted the advice of their experienced grand- 
father and the young scholar was apprenticed to a paper maker, 
on Pennypack Creek, with a view to the future erection of a 
paper mill on a site on the property. 

The admonition of a bereaved mother, coupled with a full 
realization of his altered circumstances, seemed to change him 
from a pleasure-loving, somewhat-idle boy, into a thoughtful, 
hardworking young man, and he immediately adopted that 
course which he afterwards inflexibly pursued. 

His new place of abode was at a mill on the Pennypack, 
some twenty miles from home and about fifteen miles from Phila- 
delphia. One of his first cares was to secure a share in a library 
about four miles distant. Here he spent a part of every Saturday 
afternoon in reading. Finding a translation of Cicero's Orations, 
he continued to refer to the original and went through the whole 
book. This was followed by a general review of the Latin 
classics. During the course of this probation, the derision of 



7 

his companions was avoided by a total absence of affectation of 
superiority, a deportment of unchanged civility and by pleading 
unavoidable absence or an important engagement as an excuse 
when asked to join in any scheme of frolic or mischief. 

Being left to pursue his studies without interruption, he 
would naturally have resumed the study of Greek, once so (lis- 
tasteful, but for the arrival in the neighborhood of a teacher of 
mathematics, Mr. John D. Craig, an emigrant from Ireland, and 
a person of great ability. An acquaintance was soon formed 
which grew into friendship. This strengthened young Ingham's 
predilection for the exact sciences. 

During the summer he devoted to the school all his spare 
time and in the winter attended the teacher at his own house. 
He read the best elementary treatises on mathematics, with their 
applications to mechanics, surveying, navigation, astronomy and 
natural philosophy. 

The unremitting application of the scholar and the unwearied 
attention of the teacher combined to create a strong friendship 
between them, and, though separated for many years, the pupil 
never forgot his preceptor. Long afterward, when the apprentice 
boy had become Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, 
the obscure mathematician was appointed by President Jackson 
to a position for which he was well qualified, that of Superinten- 
dent of the Patent Office. 

After being deprived of his instructor, young Ingham 
pursued alone the path he had pointed out and with untiring 
zeal. While the warm months of summer permitted, he studied 
in a retreat he had contrived in the midst of a thicket of laurel 
and green brier, on a point of land projecting into the mill dam, 
but in winter time he was obliged to study in the midst of a 
numerous family. His time being valuable, he invented an ex- 
pedient to save time. He prepared large diagrams of problems 
in geometry and conic sections, with the demonstrations. 
Placing these before him while engaged at w r ork, he found that 
he could readily follow Euclid while his hands were employed. 
But this devotion to study was never allowed to interfere with 
his regular work. 

His guardian was General Van Horn, of Zanesville, Ohio, an 



intimate friend of his father. The General generously advanced 
from his private funds the means of purchasing the necessary 
books. The severity of his master continually placed impediments 
in his way. In order to get the books, the apprentice was com- 
pelled to walk to Philadelphia, a distance of sixteen miles, after 
the completion of his task on Saturday afternoon. On one occa- 
sion he was refused leave of absence unless he would agree to 
return the same night, and he actually walked the thirty-two 
miles, bringing back his quarto volume of astronomical tables 
before the family had retired. In the performance of this feat 
there may have been a little pique mingled with his love of 
learning, but it strongly exhibits the determination of his 
character. 

These arbitrary acts on the part of his master were soon to 
terminate. A discussion arose as to the legal right of an appren- 
tice to a certain portion of tuition, which resulted in an amicable 
cancellation of the indenture. 

He was now nineteen years old. The first year of his 
freedom was passed chiefly in assisting his mother at the home- 
stead and the second in managing a paper mill near Bloomfield, 
in East Jersey. Here he became acquainted with his future wife, 
Miss Rebecca Dodd. On attaining his twenty-first year he took 
possession of his patrimonial estate, charged with numerous 
legacies. The long contemplated paper mill was now built. 
This was erected under his sole direction, every part of the 
machinery being constructed by the ordinary workmen of the 
vicinity from models which he furnished. 

Having married immediately after he became of age, and 
taken up his fixed residence at the family farm, his known 
political sentiments secured him a cordial welcome from the 
Democratic Republicans of the neighborhood and he was soon 
called upon to represent them in the political meetings of the 
county. He there embraced the opportunity of defending his 
guardian against aspersions and of promoting his election to 
Congress. He was for several years Secretary of the Democratic 
county meetings, was an ardent supporter of Thomas McKean 
for Governor of the State and in the same year was elected from 
Bucks County to the General Assembly. To this he was 



returned the two following years. A project was started at this 
time to amend the Constitution of the United States by making 
the appointment of Judges of the Supreme Court for a fixed term 
of years and so rendering them dependent on the Executive. In 
this Mr. Ingham took ground in favor of an independent judiciary. 

This period was remarkable as the commencement of the 
system of internal improvements in Pennsylvania, which was 
subsequently so extensively accomplished. 

It was also remarkable for an unusual violence of party feel- 
ing stimulated by the personal enemies of Governor McKean. 
Mr. Ingham declined a re-election in 1808 and remained at 
home and applied his efforts to restoring harmony among the 
Republicans of his county. 

He received from the Governor, unsolicited, a commission 
as Justice of the Peace, and, though retired from political life, he 
was active in local matters of public interest. Among other 
things, he contributed largely to secure the erection of the 
Delaware River bridge at New Hope. This was the first of the 
bridges between Easton and Trenton and was a remarkable piece 
of engineering construction. 

After the declaration of the war of 1812, he was elected by a 
majority of two thousand votes to the thirteenth Congress of the 
United States and took his seat at the May session of 18 13. He 
became Chairman of the Committee on Pensions and Revolu- 
tionary Claims and was a member of the select committee to 
consider the policy of establishing a national bank to finance the 
country during the war. 

He introduced a resolution for a general revision of the 
tariff. This he renewed at the next session through the Com- 
mittee of Ways and Means, which produced the report of Mr. 
Dallas, the basis of the subsequent Tariff Law of 18 16. 

In the session following, 18 14-15, he was placed on the 
Committee of Ways and Means. The Treasury Department was 
practically vacant through the illness of the Secretary, the loans 
had failed and, when the Committee commenced their labors to 
restore the public credit, the finances of the Government were in 
the worst possible condition. In this crisis, the appointment of 
Mr. Dallas to the Treasury, while it inspired confidence to the 



10 

country, imparted to the Committee an impetus which enabled 
it to accomplish the most arduous duties. With the aid of the 
Secretary, they rearranged the whole internal revenue system, 
extending its scope considerably beyond the supplies for a peace 
expenditure and the payment of the war debt. 

The state of the public finances had induced many members 
to consider the subject of a legal tender. To this Mr. Ingham 
was opposed, and, in lieu of it, he proposed in his Committee an 
issue of Treasury Notes, not bearing interest, but liable at all 
times to be funded in small sums at such a rate of interest as 
would withdraw from circulation the redundant issues. This 
plan was adopted by Congress and became a law. The restora- 
tion of peace prevented a trial of its general effect, but, so far as 
it went, it was well received and the Treasury Notes fundable at 
seven per cent, circulated more freely than those bearing interest. 
They were in a short time all funded or reduced and withdrawn 
from circulation. 

The army, revenue and bank bills were the principal 
measures of this session. Every inch of ground was obstinately 
contested by a numerous and talented opposition and the duties 
of the several Committees in charge of these measures were 
peculiarly arduous. A contemporary writer says of Mr. Ingham: 
"Having but partially cultivated the art of public speaking, Mr. 
Ingham seldom ventured deeply into debate. His strength lay 
in the Committee room, where, in investigation of facts, he was 
pre-eminent. He enjoyed the full confidence of his associates, 
but he did not conceal his opinions, and his frankness openly 
condemned some of the policies of the friends of the administra- 
tion, such as concealing from the people the actual necessities of 
the government and charging the blame for its failures upon the 
opposition. He contended that the majority were responsible to 
the country and this responsibility should never be unfelt or 
disavowed. ' ' 

The labors of this session were nearly closed an'd most of 
the means for the next campaign were provided, when peace 
took place. 

Mr. Ingham had been elected to the fourteenth Congress by 
an increased majority. In the two succeeding sessions he con- 



1 1 



tinued to serve on the Committee of Ways and Means, which 
revised the whole impost and internal revenue system, and 
reported the bill for the Tariff of 1816. 

He was also chairman of the Committee on Post Offices 
and Post Roads, and, as head of a select committee, conducted a 
laborious investigation of the fiscal affairs of the General Post 
Office. The laws relative to the Post Office were revised, the 
rates of postage reduced, and the policy adopted of applying the 
entire revenue of that department to extension of mail routes 
and improvement of conveyance. 

He was re-elected to the fifteenth Congress without opposi- 
tion, resumed his station at the head of the Post Office Com- 
mittee, and, as head of a Select Committee assisted in regulating 
and fixing the compensation of the clerks in the office, which 
had previously depended on caprice or favoritism. 

At the close of this session he resigned his seat, principally 
on account of his wife's health, and accepted the position of 
Prothonotary of the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County, 
and in 18 19 was appointed by Governor Findley, Secretary of the 
Commonwealth. His wife died in that year. He spent the next 
two years at home, busied at his farm and paper mill. 

In 1822 he married Miss Deborah Kay Hall, of Salem, New 
Jersey, and in October of that year he was elected to Congress. 
He again was appointed on the Committee of Ways and Means, 
and Chairman of the Post Office Committee, where he remained, 
being returned to every Congress until March 4th, 1829. 

In 1824 there was no election of a President by the people 
and the election devolved on the House of Representatives. 
The three highest candidates were Adams, Jackson and Clay. 
Adams and Clay combined their forces and elected Adams. 
Hence arose the famous charge of "Bargain and Sale" with 
which the country rang for the next four years. It was charged 
that Adams agreed, in consideration of Clay's support, to appoint 
Clay Secretary of State. This charge was publicly made before 
the election in the House and was investigated by a committee, 
but, whether there was or was not a bargain prior to the ballot, 
as a fact Clay's votes were cast for Adams and Adams did 
appoint Clay Secretary of State. 



12 

The storm of rage on the part of Jackson's friends which 
swept the country for the next four years is almost incompre- 
hensible in these days of political deals. We would not now call 
such men traitors to the Constitution, an illegal unconstitutional 
minority usurping office, etc. , etc. 

About this time Mr. Ingham issued a pamphlet on the Life 
and Character of John Ouincy Adams, in which he showed from 
speeches, letters and other public utterances, that John Ouincy 
Adams was at heart a Monarchist. This pamphlet is alleged to 
have had great influence in the next Presidential campaign 
(1828), which resulted in the election of Andrew Jackson. 

For this Adams never forgave Mr. Ingham. He was of a 
vindictive temper and revenged himself by inserting in his 
diary items of Washington gossip and scandal which were daily 
current. This diary was published without revision by his son, 
Charles Francis Adams, twenty years after the death of every 
one involved. 

On the arrival of General Jackson at Washington, after his 
election in 1828, he consulted with the members of the Penn- 
sylvania delegation and they recommended Mr. Ingham for the 
Treasury Department, which recommendation was approved by 
Mr. Calhoun, Vice- President-elect, a personal friend of Mr. 
Ingham of long standing. 

Though Mr. Ingham's preference was for the Post Office 
Department, he accepted the position of Secretary of the Treas- 
ury. His associates were: Martin Van Buren, of New York, 
Secretary of State; John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, Secretary of 
War; John Branch, of North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy; 
John McPherson Berrien, of Georgia, Attorney General; Wm. T. 
Barry, of Kentucky, Postmaster General. 

When in 1831 President Jackson changed his previously 
announced intention not to be a candidate for re-election, being 
urged thereto by some of his confidential advisers, among them 
Mr. Van Buren, he found in his Cabinet many personal friends of 
Mr. Calhoun, the Vice-President, a rival candidate, and, not being 
yet ready for open warfare, which would have broken out if he had 
removed only Calhoun's friends, he decided to change his whole 
Cabinet. This reason for the change was often mentioned to the 



"3 

writer by Mr. Ingham. But there was a great public scandal in 
Washington, which was made the pretext for the change. The 
President tried in every way to force Washington society to 
recognize the wife of his bosom friend, Major Eaton, Secretary 
of War. This was refused by the wives of the other Secretaries, 
who declined to call on Mrs. Eaton, or to meet her socially in 
any way, and in this they were sustained by their husbands. 
What this scandal was and whether true or false, is immaterial. 
The fact is that it was made the pretext for the dismissal of the 
Cabinet. 

As Mr. Ingham's successor, Louis McLane, of Maryland, 
was unable immediately to take office, he remained in charge 
temporarily during part of the summer of.1831. While staying 
in Washington, Major Eaton tried to fix a quarrel upon him by 
demanding an apology and challenging him to a duel. Mr. 
Ingham declined both and it was reported that Major Eaton 
sought to provoke a street brawl. Mr. Ingham armed himself 
and went abroad accompanied by his son. Nothing came of this 
and shortly afterwards Mr. Ingham left Washington. On his 
returning home he was greeted by a meeting of his constituents, 
to whom he made a speech, which was printed in the county 
newspaper. This speech the writer has read, but has been unable 
to procure a copy of it. 

J After Mr. Ingham's resignation, he ceased to take an active 
part in politics, but devoted his energies to his private affairs, his 
farm, his paper mill, and his lime-kiln. He became interested in 
the development of the anthracite coal fields, was one of the 
founders and for a time President of the Beaver Meadow Rail- 
road Company, and afterwards assisted in forming the Hazleton 
Coal Company... These coal interests turned his attention to the 
canals, the Lehigh Navigation and the Delaware Division, and 
he spent much time at Harrisburg in advocating improvement 
and opposing injurious suggestions before the Legislature. He 
was especially earnest in opposing an outlet lock at Black's 
Eddy to enable boats to pass into the head of the Delaware and 
Raritan Canal Feeder, contending that this would practically dry 
up the canal between Black's Eddy and New Hope, where water 
is lifted from the river to replenish the canal. The opposition 



was successful and the site of the outlet was fixed at New Hope, 
where it now is. 

He also wrote much about the tariff, from the point of view 
of an ardent protectionist. Thus his time was fully occupied in 
his private affairs and in the management of the corporations 
above mentioned. On one occasion he spent five months at 
Beaver Meadow, writing every day to his wife, "I expect to 
start for home to-morrow." In 1839 he visited England on 
business connected with the affairs of the Hazelton Coal Com- 
pany. The object of his visit being attained, he then visited 
parts of the continent and returned home in the fall. As he 
grew older he became tired of the long stage journey to Phila- 
delphia and the three days across country to the coal fields and 
decided to remove to Trenton, which was done in 1849. Just 
before his removal he spent several days in going through his 
accumulation of letters and destroying almost everything of 
interest. He said that he had seen so much mischief caused by 
the posthumous publication of private letters, that he could not 
allow his correspondence to remain. 

This idea seems highly commendable, but, if it had been 
universally practiced, where would be the materials for modern 
history? At any rate, I have always regretted that I was not 
present at this holocaust ; I might have retrieved some invaluable 
papers. 

After his removal to Trenton he continued his activity in 
business, became interested in the Mechanics Bank and, for his 
private amusement, purchased an old brick yard and spent much 
time in converting it into a wheat field. He took an interest in 
the election in 1856, and wrote a speech which was read at a 
Fremont meeting in Philadelphia. 

His later years were spent on a sick bed and, after a long 
illness, during which his mind was perfectly unimpaired and he 
was always cheerful, and, though suffering, uncomplaining, he 
died on the 5th of June, i860. 

He was buried in the cemetery of the Old Solebury Church, 
now the Thompson Memorial Church, which he regularly had 
attended during the later years of his residence at Great Spring. 



*5 

In person Mr. Ingham was of medium height, with broad 
shoulders, and strong. His forehead was broad and high; his 
eyes rather small, light blue and keen in expression. His 
manner was grave and dignified, though he was not without a 
sense of humor. He was not a person with whom liberties could 
be taken, not even by his children. Yet he was warm-hearted 
and devoted to his friends. 

He was universally respected by his associates and passed 
through a long life without a stain. 

His wife outlived him and three sons and two daughters. 
Dr. John Howard Ingham and Jonathan Ingham were the 
children of his first marriage ; of his second were Eliza Rebecca, 
wife of Rev. Dr. George Hale, Mary Louise, wife of Edwin 
Emerson, and William Armstrong Ingham. 



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